Energy : historical development of the concept.

PART I. ENERGY - EARLY IDEAS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT;1. The concept of energy and its early historical development; Lindsay. R. Bruce;2. Physics : vestiges of the energy idea in greek physics; Aristotle;3. Mechanica : The law of the lever; Pseudo-Aristotle;4. Parmenides : The unity of nature; Plato;5. The dynamics of machinery : the five simple machines; Hero of Alexandria;6. The impossibility of perpetual motion; Da Vinci. L.;7. Comments on perpetual motion; Cardan. J.;8. The impossibility on perpetual motion and the problem of the inclined plane; Stevin. S.;9a. Work involved in the operation of machines; Galileo;9b. Of the force of percussion; Galileo;9c. The pendulum experiment; Galileo;10. Conservation of quantity of motion; Descartes. R.;11. The third law of motion as a forerunner of the concept of energy; Newton. L.;12a. The Vis Viva concept : a brief demonstration; Leibniz. G.W.;12b. The Vis Viva concept : a dynamical model; Leibniz. G.W.;13a. Use of the Vis Viva concept in problems of motion; Bernouille. J.;13b. The principle of virtual displacements and use of the word energy; Bernoulli. J.;14. This Vis Viva controversy; D'Alembert;15. The origin of forces : conservation of quantity of motion and Vis Viva; Euler. L.;16. The conservation of Vis Viva; Bernoulli. J.;17. Vis Viva and the principle of least action; Koenig. S.;18. Vis Viva and energy; Young. T.;19. Vis Viva and machines; Carnot. L.;20. The energy equation for a general dynamical system; Lagrange. J.L.

PART II. THE NATURE OF HEAT;21. The atomic theory of heat; Gassendi. P.;22. The nature of heat; Boyle. R.;23. The nature of heat; Black. J.;24. Introduction of the term CALORIC for the substance of heat; Lavoisier. A.L.;25. Source of heat from friction; Thompson. B.;26. The motive power of heat; Carnot. S.;27. Evidence against the theory of caloric; Farady. M.

PART III. ENERGY : THE MID-NINETEENTH-CENTURY BREAKTHROUGH;28a. On a general method in dynamics; Hamilton. W.R.;28b. Second essay on a general method in dynamics; Hamilton. W.R.;29a. On the forces of inorganic nature; Mayer. J.R.;29b. The motions of organisms and their relation to metabolism; Mayer. J.R.;30a. On the calorific effects of magneto-electricity, and on the mechanical value of heat; Joule. J.P.;30b. On the existence of an equivalent relation between heat and the ordinary forms of mechanical power; Joule. J.P.;30c. On matter, living force, and heat; Joule. J.P.;31a. Note on the work of L.A. Colding; The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences;31b. Investigations of the general forces of nature and their mutual dependence; Colding. L.A.

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